"-ldak" meaning in All languages combined

See -ldak on Wiktionary

Suffix [Proto-Finnic]

Etymology: From Proto-Uralic *-le-. Cognates include Proto-Samic *-ëlëtēk, Proto-Mordvinic *-ĺə, Proto-Permic *-alni, Hungarian -l. In Finnic, the suffix consistently induces a stem vowel change *-A- > *-e-; this appears to be some kind of a regular change also found with some other suffixes, such as the comparative suffix *-mpi (see for more) and the translative verb suffix *-t'ak. Etymology templates: {{inh|urj-fin-pro|urj-pro|*-le-}} Proto-Uralic *-le-, {{cog|smi-pro|*-ëlëtēk}} Proto-Samic *-ëlëtēk, {{cog|urj-mdv-pro|*-ĺə}} Proto-Mordvinic *-ĺə, {{cog|urj-prm-pro|*-alni}} Proto-Permic *-alni, {{cog|hu|-l}} Hungarian -l, {{m|urj-fin-pro|*-mpi}} *-mpi, {{m|urj-fin-pro|*-t'ak|id=translative, -ne-}} *-t'ak Head templates: {{head|urj-fin-pro|suffix|stem|*-lë- / *-le-|cat2=verb-forming suffixes|head=*-ldak / *-ldäk}} *-ldak / *-ldäk (stem *-lë- / *-le-) Inflection templates: {{urj-fin-conj|-le|v=a}} Forms: -ldak / *-ldäk [canonical], -lë- / *-le- [stem], no-table-tags [table-tags], -len [first-person, present, singular], -lin [first-person, past, singular], - [first-person, imperative, singular], -lgon [first-person, optative, singular], -let [present, second-person, singular], -lit [past, second-person, singular], -lek [imperative, second-person, singular], -lgos [optative, second-person, singular], -lepi [present, singular, third-person], -l [present, singular, third-person], -li [past, singular, third-person], -lkasën [imperative, singular, third-person], -lkosën [optative, singular, third-person], -lekmëk [first-person, plural, present], -lekmak [first-person, plural, present], -limëk [first-person, past, plural], -limak [first-person, past, plural], -lkatëmëk [first-person, imperative, plural], -lkatamak [first-person, imperative, plural], -lkotëmëk [first-person, optative, plural], -lkotamak [first-person, optative, plural], -lektëk [plural, present, second-person], -lektak [plural, present, second-person], -lidëk [past, plural, second-person], -lidak [past, plural, second-person], -lkatë [imperative, plural, second-person], -lkata [imperative, plural, second-person], -lgot'ëk [optative, plural, second-person], -lkotadak [optative, plural, second-person], -lebat [plural, present, third-person], -l [plural, present, third-person], -li [past, plural, third-person], -lkasën [imperative, plural, third-person], -lkosën [optative, plural, third-person], -leksën [passive, present], -let'aksën [passive, present], -ltisën [passive, past], -lettihën [passive, past], -ltakahën [imperative, passive], -lettagasën [imperative, passive], -ltakohën [optative, passive], -lettagosën [optative, passive], -lek [connegative, present], - [connegative, past], -lgak [connegative, imperative], -lgok [connegative, optative], -lektak [connegative, passive, present], - [connegative, passive, past], -ltagak [connegative, imperative, passive], -lettagak [connegative, imperative, passive], -ltagok [connegative, optative, passive], -lettagok [connegative, optative, passive], -lekcin [conditional, conditional-i, first-person, singular], -licin [conditional, conditional-ii, first-person, singular], -llën [first-person, potential, singular], -lekcit [conditional, conditional-i, second-person, singular], -licit [conditional, conditional-ii, second-person, singular], -llët [potential, second-person, singular], -lekci [conditional, conditional-i, singular, third-person], -lici [conditional, conditional-ii, singular, third-person], -lli [potential, singular, third-person], -lekcimëk [conditional, conditional-i, first-person, plural], -lekcimak [conditional, conditional-i, first-person, plural], -licimëk [conditional, conditional-ii, first-person, plural], -licimak [conditional, conditional-ii, first-person, plural], -llëmëk [first-person, plural, potential], -llëmak [first-person, plural, potential], -lekcidëk [conditional, conditional-i, plural, second-person], -lekcidak [conditional, conditional-i, plural, second-person], -licidëk [conditional, conditional-ii, plural, second-person], -licidak [conditional, conditional-ii, plural, second-person], -llëdëk [plural, potential, second-person], -llëdak [plural, potential, second-person], -lekci [conditional, conditional-i, plural, third-person], -lici [conditional, conditional-ii, plural, third-person], -lli [plural, potential, third-person], -ldakcihën [conditional, conditional-i, passive], -let'akcisën [conditional, conditional-i, passive], -lticihën [conditional, conditional-ii, passive], -letticisën [conditional, conditional-ii, passive], -ltanëhën [passive, potential], -lettanësën [passive, potential], -lekcik [conditional, conditional-i, connegative], -licik [conditional, conditional-ii, connegative], -llëk [connegative, potential], -ldakcik [conditional, conditional-i, connegative, passive], -let'akcik [conditional, conditional-i, connegative, passive], -lticik [conditional, conditional-ii, connegative, passive], -letticik [conditional, conditional-ii, connegative, passive], -ltanëk [connegative, passive, potential], -lettanëk [connegative, passive, potential], -ldak [conditional, conditional-i, infinitive, infinitive-i], -lepa [active, participle, present], -ltapa [participle, passive, present], -lettaba [participle, passive, present], -ltë- [conditional, conditional-i, infinitive, infinitive-ii], -llut [active, participle, past], -ltu [participle, passive, past], -lettu [participle, passive, past], -lema [conditional, conditional-i, gerund, supine], -leminen [conditional, conditional-i, noun-from-verb]
  1. Forms frequentative verbs. Tags: morpheme, reconstruction
    Sense id: en--ldak-urj-fin-pro-suffix-k7YQWyfM Categories (other): Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header, Proto-Finnic verbs by type/Vle, Vne, Vre, Vse

Download JSON data for -ldak meaning in All languages combined (12.2kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "et",
            "2": "-lema"
          },
          "expansion": "Estonian: -lema",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "et",
            "2": "-leda"
          },
          "expansion": "-leda",
          "name": "l"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Estonian: -lema/-leda"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fi",
            "2": "-ella"
          },
          "expansion": "Finnish: -ella",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Finnish: -ella"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "izh",
            "2": "-ella"
          },
          "expansion": "Ingrian: -ella",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ingrian: -ella"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "urj-pro",
        "3": "*-le-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-le-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "smi-pro",
        "2": "*-ëlëtēk"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Samic *-ëlëtēk",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-mdv-pro",
        "2": "*-ĺə"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Mordvinic *-ĺə",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-prm-pro",
        "2": "*-alni"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Permic *-alni",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hu",
        "2": "-l"
      },
      "expansion": "Hungarian -l",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "*-mpi"
      },
      "expansion": "*-mpi",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "*-t'ak",
        "id": "translative, -ne-"
      },
      "expansion": "*-t'ak",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-le-. Cognates include Proto-Samic *-ëlëtēk, Proto-Mordvinic *-ĺə, Proto-Permic *-alni, Hungarian -l. In Finnic, the suffix consistently induces a stem vowel change *-A- > *-e-; this appears to be some kind of a regular change also found with some other suffixes, such as the comparative suffix *-mpi (see for more) and the translative verb suffix *-t'ak.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ldak / *-ldäk",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lë- / *-le-",
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "urj-fin-conj",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-len",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lin",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "optative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-let",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lit",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lepi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-l",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-li",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkasën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkosën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekmëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekmak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-limëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-limak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkatëmëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkatamak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkotëmëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "optative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkotamak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "optative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lektëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lektak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lidëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lidak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkatë",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkata",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgot'ëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkotadak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lebat",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-l",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-li",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkasën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkosën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-leksën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-let'aksën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltisën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettihën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltakahën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettagasën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltakohën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettagosën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgok",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "optative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lektak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltagak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "imperative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettagak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "imperative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltagok",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "optative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettagok",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "optative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcin",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licin",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "potential",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcit",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licit",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llët",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "potential",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekci",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lici",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lli",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "potential",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcimëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcimak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licimëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licimak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëmëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëmak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcidëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcidak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licidëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licidak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëdëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "potential",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëdak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "potential",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekci",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lici",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lli",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "potential",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ldakcihën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-let'akcisën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lticihën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-letticisën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltanëhën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettanësën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "connegative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "connegative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ldakcik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "connegative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-let'akcik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "connegative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lticik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "connegative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-letticik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "connegative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltanëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "passive",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettanëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "passive",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ldak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "infinitive",
        "infinitive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lepa",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltapa",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettaba",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltë-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "infinitive",
        "infinitive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llut",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lema",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "gerund",
        "supine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-leminen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "suffix",
        "3": "stem",
        "4": "*-lë- / *-le-",
        "cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
        "head": "*-ldak / *-ldäk"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ldak / *-ldäk (stem *-lë- / *-le-)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-le",
        "v": "a"
      },
      "name": "urj-fin-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Finnic",
  "lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ldak",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Finnic verbs by type/Vle, Vne, Vre, Vse",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms frequentative verbs."
      ],
      "id": "en--ldak-urj-fin-pro-suffix-k7YQWyfM",
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ldak"
}
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "et",
            "2": "-lema"
          },
          "expansion": "Estonian: -lema",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "et",
            "2": "-leda"
          },
          "expansion": "-leda",
          "name": "l"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Estonian: -lema/-leda"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fi",
            "2": "-ella"
          },
          "expansion": "Finnish: -ella",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Finnish: -ella"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "izh",
            "2": "-ella"
          },
          "expansion": "Ingrian: -ella",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ingrian: -ella"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "urj-pro",
        "3": "*-le-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-le-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "smi-pro",
        "2": "*-ëlëtēk"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Samic *-ëlëtēk",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-mdv-pro",
        "2": "*-ĺə"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Mordvinic *-ĺə",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-prm-pro",
        "2": "*-alni"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Permic *-alni",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hu",
        "2": "-l"
      },
      "expansion": "Hungarian -l",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "*-mpi"
      },
      "expansion": "*-mpi",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "*-t'ak",
        "id": "translative, -ne-"
      },
      "expansion": "*-t'ak",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-le-. Cognates include Proto-Samic *-ëlëtēk, Proto-Mordvinic *-ĺə, Proto-Permic *-alni, Hungarian -l. In Finnic, the suffix consistently induces a stem vowel change *-A- > *-e-; this appears to be some kind of a regular change also found with some other suffixes, such as the comparative suffix *-mpi (see for more) and the translative verb suffix *-t'ak.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ldak / *-ldäk",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lë- / *-le-",
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "urj-fin-conj",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-len",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lin",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "optative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-let",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lit",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lepi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-l",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-li",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkasën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkosën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekmëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekmak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-limëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-limak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkatëmëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkatamak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkotëmëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "optative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkotamak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "optative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lektëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lektak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lidëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lidak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkatë",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkata",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgot'ëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkotadak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lebat",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-l",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-li",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkasën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lkosën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-leksën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-let'aksën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltisën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettihën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltakahën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettagasën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltakohën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettagosën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "optative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lek",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lgok",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "optative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lektak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltagak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "imperative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettagak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "imperative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltagok",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "optative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettagok",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "optative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcin",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licin",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "potential",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcit",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licit",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llët",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "potential",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekci",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lici",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lli",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "potential",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcimëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcimak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licimëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licimak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëmëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëmak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcidëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcidak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licidëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licidak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëdëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "potential",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëdak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "potential",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekci",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lici",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lli",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "potential",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ldakcihën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-let'akcisën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lticihën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-letticisën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltanëhën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettanësën",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lekcik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "connegative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-licik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "connegative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ldakcik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "connegative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-let'akcik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "connegative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lticik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "connegative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-letticik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-ii",
        "connegative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltanëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "passive",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettanëk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "connegative",
        "passive",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ldak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "infinitive",
        "infinitive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lepa",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltapa",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettaba",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltë-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "infinitive",
        "infinitive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-llut",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ltu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lettu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-lema",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "gerund",
        "supine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-leminen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "conditional-i",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "suffix",
        "3": "stem",
        "4": "*-lë- / *-le-",
        "cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
        "head": "*-ldak / *-ldäk"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ldak / *-ldäk (stem *-lë- / *-le-)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-le",
        "v": "a"
      },
      "name": "urj-fin-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Finnic",
  "lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ldak",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Finnic lemmas",
        "Proto-Finnic suffixes",
        "Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
        "Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
        "Proto-Finnic verb-forming suffixes",
        "Proto-Finnic verbs by type/Vle, Vne, Vre, Vse"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms frequentative verbs."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ldak"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.